Struct Command

pub struct Command { /* private fields */ }

Available on crate feature process only.

This structure mimics the API of std::process::Command found in the standard library, but replaces functions that create a process with an asynchronous variant. The main provided asynchronous functions are spawn, status, and output.

Command uses asynchronous versions of some std types (for example Child).

Implementations

impl Command

pub fn new<S: AsRef<OsStr>>(program: S) -> Command

Constructs a new Command for launching the program at path program, with the following default configuration:

• No arguments to the program
• Inherit the current process’s environment
• Inherit the current process’s working directory
• Inherit stdin/stdout/stderr for spawn or status, but create pipes for output

Builder methods are provided to change these defaults and otherwise configure the process.

If program is not an absolute path, the PATH will be searched in an OS-defined way.

The search path to be used may be controlled by setting the PATH environment variable on the Command, but this has some implementation limitations on Windows (see issue rust-lang/rust#37519).

Examples

Basic usage:

use tokio::process::Command;
let mut command = Command::new("sh");

pub fn as_std(&self) -> &StdCommand

Cheaply convert to a &std::process::Command for places where the type from the standard library is expected.

pub fn as_std_mut(&mut self) -> &mut StdCommand

Cheaply convert to a &mut std::process::Command for places where the type from the standard library is expected.

pub fn arg<S: AsRef<OsStr>>(&mut self, arg: S) -> &mut Command

Adds an argument to pass to the program.

Only one argument can be passed per use. So instead of:

let mut command = tokio::process::Command::new("sh");
command.arg("-C /path/to/repo");

usage would be:

let mut command = tokio::process::Command::new("sh");
command.arg("-C");
command.arg("/path/to/repo");

To pass multiple arguments see args.

Examples

Basic usage:

use tokio::process::Command;

let output = Command::new("ls")
        .arg("-l")
        .arg("-a")
        .output().await.unwrap();

pub fn args<I, S>(&mut self, args: I) -> &mut Command

where I: IntoIterator<Item = S>, S: AsRef<OsStr>,

Adds multiple arguments to pass to the program.

To pass a single argument see arg.

Examples

Basic usage:

use tokio::process::Command;

let output = Command::new("ls")
        .args(&["-l", "-a"])
        .output().await.unwrap();

pub fn raw_arg<S: AsRef<OsStr>>( &mut self, text_to_append_as_is: S, ) -> &mut Command

Available on Windows only.

Append literal text to the command line without any quoting or escaping.

This is useful for passing arguments to cmd.exe /c, which doesn’t follow CommandLineToArgvW escaping rules.

pub fn env<K, V>(&mut self, key: K, val: V) -> &mut Command

where K: AsRef<OsStr>, V: AsRef<OsStr>,

Inserts or updates an environment variable mapping.

Note that environment variable names are case-insensitive (but case-preserving) on Windows, and case-sensitive on all other platforms.

Examples

Basic usage:

use tokio::process::Command;

let output = Command::new("ls")
        .env("PATH", "/bin")
        .output().await.unwrap();

pub fn envs<I, K, V>(&mut self, vars: I) -> &mut Command

where I: IntoIterator<Item = (K, V)>, K: AsRef<OsStr>, V: AsRef<OsStr>,

Adds or updates multiple environment variable mappings.

Examples

Basic usage:

use tokio::process::Command;
use std::process::{Stdio};
use std::env;
use std::collections::HashMap;

let filtered_env : HashMap<String, String> =
    env::vars().filter(|&(ref k, _)|
        k == "TERM" || k == "TZ" || k == "LANG" || k == "PATH"
    ).collect();

let output = Command::new("printenv")
        .stdin(Stdio::null())
        .stdout(Stdio::inherit())
        .env_clear()
        .envs(&filtered_env)
        .output().await.unwrap();

pub fn env_remove<K: AsRef<OsStr>>(&mut self, key: K) -> &mut Command

Removes an environment variable mapping.

Examples

Basic usage:

use tokio::process::Command;

let output = Command::new("ls")
        .env_remove("PATH")
        .output().await.unwrap();

pub fn env_clear(&mut self) -> &mut Command

Clears the entire environment map for the child process.

Examples

Basic usage:

use tokio::process::Command;

let output = Command::new("ls")
        .env_clear()
        .output().await.unwrap();

pub fn current_dir<P: AsRef<Path>>(&mut self, dir: P) -> &mut Command

Sets the working directory for the child process.

Platform-specific behavior

If the program path is relative (e.g., "./script.sh"), it’s ambiguous whether it should be interpreted relative to the parent’s working directory or relative to current_dir. The behavior in this case is platform specific and unstable, and it’s recommended to use canonicalize to get an absolute program path instead.

Examples

Basic usage:

use tokio::process::Command;

let output = Command::new("ls")
        .current_dir("/bin")
        .output().await.unwrap();

pub fn stdin<T: Into<Stdio>>(&mut self, cfg: T) -> &mut Command

Sets configuration for the child process’s standard input (stdin) handle.

Defaults to inherit.

Examples

Basic usage:

use std::process::{Stdio};
use tokio::process::Command;

let output = Command::new("ls")
        .stdin(Stdio::null())
        .output().await.unwrap();

pub fn stdout<T: Into<Stdio>>(&mut self, cfg: T) -> &mut Command

Sets configuration for the child process’s standard output (stdout) handle.

Defaults to inherit when used with spawn or status, and defaults to piped when used with output.

Examples

Basic usage:

use tokio::process::Command;
use std::process::Stdio;

let output = Command::new("ls")
        .stdout(Stdio::null())
        .output().await.unwrap();

pub fn stderr<T: Into<Stdio>>(&mut self, cfg: T) -> &mut Command

Sets configuration for the child process’s standard error (stderr) handle.

Defaults to inherit when used with spawn or status, and defaults to piped when used with output.

Examples

Basic usage:

use tokio::process::Command;
use std::process::{Stdio};

let output = Command::new("ls")
        .stderr(Stdio::null())
        .output().await.unwrap();

pub fn kill_on_drop(&mut self, kill_on_drop: bool) -> &mut Command

Controls whether a kill operation should be invoked on a spawned child process when its corresponding Child handle is dropped.

By default, this value is assumed to be false, meaning the next spawned process will not be killed on drop, similar to the behavior of the standard library.

Caveats

On Unix platforms processes must be “reaped” by their parent process after they have exited in order to release all OS resources. A child process which has exited, but has not yet been reaped by its parent is considered a “zombie” process. Such processes continue to count against limits imposed by the system, and having too many zombie processes present can prevent additional processes from being spawned.

Although issuing a kill signal to the child process is a synchronous operation, the resulting zombie process cannot be .awaited inside of the destructor to avoid blocking other tasks. The tokio runtime will, on a best-effort basis, attempt to reap and clean up such processes in the background, but no additional guarantees are made with regard to how quickly or how often this procedure will take place.

If stronger guarantees are required, it is recommended to avoid dropping a Child handle where possible, and instead utilize child.wait().await or child.kill().await where possible.

pub fn creation_flags(&mut self, flags: u32) -> &mut Command

Available on Windows only.

Sets the process creation flags to be passed to CreateProcess.

These will always be ORed with CREATE_UNICODE_ENVIRONMENT.

pub fn uid(&mut self, id: u32) -> &mut Command

Available on Unix only.

Sets the child process’s user ID. This translates to a setuid call in the child process. Failure in the setuid call will cause the spawn to fail.

pub fn gid(&mut self, id: u32) -> &mut Command

Available on Unix only.

Similar to uid but sets the group ID of the child process. This has the same semantics as the uid field.

pub fn arg0<S>(&mut self, arg: S) -> &mut Command

where S: AsRef<OsStr>,

Available on Unix only.

Sets executable argument.

Set the first process argument, argv[0], to something other than the default executable path.

pub unsafe fn pre_exec<F>(&mut self, f: F) -> &mut Command

where F: FnMut() -> Result<()> + Send + Sync + 'static,

Available on Unix only.

Schedules a closure to be run just before the exec function is invoked.

The closure is allowed to return an I/O error whose OS error code will be communicated back to the parent and returned as an error from when the spawn was requested.

Multiple closures can be registered and they will be called in order of their registration. If a closure returns Err then no further closures will be called and the spawn operation will immediately return with a failure.

Safety

This closure will be run in the context of the child process after a fork. This primarily means that any modifications made to memory on behalf of this closure will not be visible to the parent process. This is often a very constrained environment where normal operations like malloc or acquiring a mutex are not guaranteed to work (due to other threads perhaps still running when the fork was run).

This also means that all resources such as file descriptors and memory-mapped regions got duplicated. It is your responsibility to make sure that the closure does not violate library invariants by making invalid use of these duplicates.

When this closure is run, aspects such as the stdio file descriptors and working directory have successfully been changed, so output to these locations may not appear where intended.

pub fn process_group(&mut self, pgroup: i32) -> &mut Command

Available on Unix only.

Sets the process group ID (PGID) of the child process. Equivalent to a setpgid call in the child process, but may be more efficient.

Process groups determine which processes receive signals.

Examples

Pressing Ctrl-C in a terminal will send SIGINT to all processes in the current foreground process group. By spawning the sleep subprocess in a new process group, it will not receive SIGINT from the terminal.

The parent process could install a signal handler and manage the process on its own terms.

A process group ID of 0 will use the process ID as the PGID.

use tokio::process::Command;

let output = Command::new("sleep")
    .arg("10")
    .process_group(0)
    .output()
    .await
    .unwrap();

pub fn spawn(&mut self) -> Result<Child>

Executes the command as a child process, returning a handle to it.

By default, stdin, stdout and stderr are inherited from the parent.

This method will spawn the child process synchronously and return a handle to a future-aware child process. The Child returned implements Future itself to acquire the ExitStatus of the child, and otherwise the Child has methods to acquire handles to the stdin, stdout, and stderr streams.

All I/O this child does will be associated with the current default event loop.

Examples

Basic usage:

use tokio::process::Command;

async fn run_ls() -> std::process::ExitStatus {
    Command::new("ls")
        .spawn()
        .expect("ls command failed to start")
        .wait()
        .await
        .expect("ls command failed to run")
}

Caveats

Dropping/Cancellation

Similar to the behavior to the standard library, and unlike the futures paradigm of dropping-implies-cancellation, a spawned process will, by default, continue to execute even after the Child handle has been dropped.

The Command::kill_on_drop method can be used to modify this behavior and kill the child process if the Child wrapper is dropped before it has exited.

Unix Processes

On Unix platforms processes must be “reaped” by their parent process after they have exited in order to release all OS resources. A child process which has exited, but has not yet been reaped by its parent is considered a “zombie” process. Such processes continue to count against limits imposed by the system, and having too many zombie processes present can prevent additional processes from being spawned.

The tokio runtime will, on a best-effort basis, attempt to reap and clean up any process which it has spawned. No additional guarantees are made with regard to how quickly or how often this procedure will take place.

It is recommended to avoid dropping a Child process handle before it has been fully awaited if stricter cleanup guarantees are required.

Errors

On Unix platforms this method will fail with std::io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock if the system process limit is reached (which includes other applications running on the system).

pub fn status(&mut self) -> impl Future<Output = Result<ExitStatus>>

Executes the command as a child process, waiting for it to finish and collecting its exit status.

By default, stdin, stdout and stderr are inherited from the parent. If any input/output handles are set to a pipe then they will be immediately closed after the child is spawned.

All I/O this child does will be associated with the current default event loop.

The destructor of the future returned by this function will kill the child if kill_on_drop is set to true.

Errors

This future will return an error if the child process cannot be spawned or if there is an error while awaiting its status.

On Unix platforms this method will fail with std::io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock if the system process limit is reached (which includes other applications running on the system).

Examples

Basic usage:

use tokio::process::Command;

async fn run_ls() -> std::process::ExitStatus {
    Command::new("ls")
        .status()
        .await
        .expect("ls command failed to run")
}

pub fn output(&mut self) -> impl Future<Output = Result<Output>>

Executes the command as a child process, waiting for it to finish and collecting all of its output.

Note: this method, unlike the standard library, will unconditionally configure the stdout/stderr handles to be pipes, even if they have been previously configured. If this is not desired then the spawn method should be used in combination with the wait_with_output method on child.

This method will return a future representing the collection of the child process’s stdout/stderr. It will resolve to the Output type in the standard library, containing stdout and stderr as Vec<u8> along with an ExitStatus representing how the process exited.

All I/O this child does will be associated with the current default event loop.

The destructor of the future returned by this function will kill the child if kill_on_drop is set to true.

Errors

This future will return an error if the child process cannot be spawned or if there is an error while awaiting its status.

On Unix platforms this method will fail with std::io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock if the system process limit is reached (which includes other applications running on the system).

Examples

Basic usage:

use tokio::process::Command;

async fn run_ls() {
    let output: std::process::Output = Command::new("ls")
        .output()
        .await
        .expect("ls command failed to run");
    println!("stderr of ls: {:?}", output.stderr);
}

Trait Implementations

impl Debug for Command

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result

Formats the value using the given formatter.

impl From<Command> for Command

fn from(std: StdCommand) -> Command

Converts to this type from the input type.

Layout

Note: Most layout information is completely unstable and may even differ between compilations. The only exception is types with certain repr(...) attributes. Please see the Rust Reference's “Type Layout” chapter for details on type layout guarantees.

Size: 216 bytes